imported>PoliticalAustralian |
imported>PoliticalAustralian |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| The '''June Democratic Uprising''' or '''June Democracy Movement''' or '''June Struggle''' was a massive series of protests and strikes in South Korea that aimed to overthrow the military dictatorship that had ran the country since 1979 (South Korea had been under some kind of military dictatorship since 1948, with a small window of democracy in 1960). It occured in 1987 and | | {{Infobox_event|title = June Democratic Uprising|image = C0011122 0506393.jpg|date = June 1987}}The '''June Democratic Uprising''' or '''June Democracy Movement''' or '''June Struggle''' was a massive series of protests and strikes in South Korea that aimed to overthrow the military dictatorship that had ran the country since 1979 (South Korea had been under some kind of military dictatorship since 1948, with a small window of democracy in 1960 and 1961). It occurred in [[Revolutions of 1986 - 1994|1987]] and led to the creation of a [[Representative Democracy|liberal democracy]] in South Korea which has lasted until this day. |
|
| |
|
| The '''June Struggle''' (Korean: 6월 민주항쟁; Hanja: 六月民主抗爭), also known as the '''June Democracy Movement'''<sup>[1]</sup> and '''June Democratic Uprising''' was a nationwide democracy movement in South Korea
| | == Background == |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>that generated mass protests from June 10 to June 29, 1987. The
| | South Korea had been under some kind of authoritarian domination for nearly a hundred years, first as a [[Japanese Empire|colony of Japan]], then US occupation and then a string of military dictatorships from 1948. |
| demonstrations forced the ruling government to hold elections and
| |
| institute other democratic reforms which led to the establishment of the
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>Sixth Republic, the present day government of South Korea.
| |
|
| |
|
| On June 10th, the military regime of President Chun Doo-hwan announced its choice of Roh Tae-woo
| | == Events == |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>as the next president. The public designation of Chun's successor was
| | Due to fraudulent elections in the country, a long history of military dictatorship, the upcoming 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul and the death of two student democracy activists (Park Jong-chol and Lee-Han yeol) Student protests and strikes broke out across the country with millions of participant. Although the army was initially mobilised, the president didn't want a repeat of the [[Gwangju Uprising (1980)|Gwangju Uprising]], and eventually listened to the protesters. |
| seen as a final affront to a delayed and deferred process to revise the
| |
| South Korean constitution to permit direct election of the President.
| |
| Although pressure on the regime, in the form of demonstrations by | |
| students and other groups, had been building for some time, the
| |
| announcement finally triggered massive and effective protests.<sup>[2]</sup>
| |
|
| |
|
| Unwilling to resort to violence before the 1988 Olympic Games, and (correctly) believing that Roh could win competitive elections anyway given divisions within the opposition,<sup>[2]</sup>
| | == Results == |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>Chun and Roh acceded to the key demands of direct presidential
| | The struggle resulted in the democratisation of South Korea with the expansion of civil liberties and legal rights. Additionally, the next 3 months saw the formation 1,060 [[Trade Union|trade unions]] and 3,458 [[Strike|strikes]]. |
| elections and restoration of civil liberties. Although Roh was duly
| |
| elected as president that December with a bare plurality, the democratic consolidation of South Korea was fully underway.
| |
|
| |
|
| Seeking to enhance his domestic and international standing by
| | == References == |
| providing a veneer of democratic representation, Chun held elections in
| | [[Wikipedia]] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Struggle June Struggle] |
| 1985. The result was a major moral victory for the opposition, led by Kim Dae-jung and Kim Young-sam.
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki> The opposition's key demand was direct presidential elections, and
| |
| Chun sought to foil this by initiating a campaign of delay,
| |
| deliberation, and deferment. A parliamentary committee debated various
| |
| proposals for months; on April 13, 1987, Chun suspended even this
| |
| committee until after the Olympics.<sup>[2]</sup>
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>This action intensified unrest, but resulting demonstrations did not
| |
| impress the regime and Chun decided to continue his program to install
| |
| Roh as his successor.
| |
| | |
| Throughout this period, the labor movement, university students,
| |
| and churches in particular joined in a mutually supporting alliance to
| |
| put increasing pressure on the regime.<sup>[2]</sup>
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>This mobilized portion of civil society, in addition to the political
| |
| opposition, formed the core of the resistance that would become
| |
| generalized during the decisive events of June.
| |
| | |
| === Torture and death of Park Jong-chol === | |
| Lee Han-yeol Memorial
| |
| | |
| In the 1980s, many student activists in universities struggled
| |
| against Chun Doo-hwan's dictatorship and the aftermath of the 1980 Gwangju Massacre. Park Jong-chol, the president of the student council in the linguistics department of Seoul National University,
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>was one of those students. Detained during an investigation into such
| |
| activities, Park refused to confess the whereabouts of one of his fellow
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>activists. During the interrogation, authorities used waterboarding techniques to torture him,<sup>[3]</sup> eventually leading to his death on 14 January 1987.
| |
| | |
| Information surrounding the events of Park Jong-chol's death was initially suppressed. However, the Catholic Priests Association for Justice
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>(CPAJ), revealed the truth to the public on May 18, further inflaming
| |
| public sentiment. CPAJ planned a June 10th demonstration in his honor.
| |
| | |
| === Death of Lee Han-yeol ===
| |
| As demonstrations intensified, students in Yonsei University
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>swore to take the field and demonstrated at the university on June 9.
| |
| During the protest, Yonsei student Lee Han-yeol was seriously injured
| |
| when a tear gas grenade penetrated his skull. In critical condition, he
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>quickly became a symbol of the subsequent protests over the weeks that
| |
| followed. He finally died of his wounds on July 5, after the regime had
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>agreed to the people's demands. Over 1.6 million citizens participated
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>in his national funeral, held on July 9.<sup>[''citation needed'']</sup> He was buried at May 18th National Cemetery.
| |
| | |
| == Main demonstrations ==
| |
| The
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>1980 constitution limited the president to a single seven-year term.
| |
| Unlike his predecessors, Chun made no effort to amend the document in
| |
| order to allow him to run again in 1987. However, while his rule was
| |
| somewhat milder than that of Park, he resisted calls to further open up
| |
| the regime.
| |
| | |
| On June 10, Roh Tae-woo was nominated as a candidate for the presidency at a Democratic Justice Party convention at Jamsil Arena.
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki> Major demonstrations occurred throughout the country, with an
| |
| estimated 240,000 people participating in 22 cities including Seoul.<sup>[''citation needed'']</sup> Many people of all social standings joined and supported participants.
| |
| | |
| On June 18, the ''National rally for banishment of tear gas grenades'' (최루탄추방국민대회/催淚彈追放國民大會) brought 1.5 million people into the streets across at least 16 cities.<sup>[''citation needed'']</sup> Finally, the white collar
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>workers who had before remained on the sidelines joined protests,
| |
| throwing rolls of toilet paper, applauding and otherwise voicing their
| |
| support. On June 19th, Chun issued orders to mobilize the army, but
| |
| fearing a reprise of the violent Gwangju Massacre, he rescinded them within hours.<sup>[2]</sup> On June 26, the ''Great National March of Peace''
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>(국민평화대행진/國民平和大行進) was held by Guk-bon (National Movement Headquarters
| |
| for the Gain of Democratic Constitution - 민주헌법쟁취국민운동본부/民主憲法爭取國民運動本部);
| |
| over 1 million people<sup>[2]</sup> in 34 cities participated and 3,467 people were detained.<sup>[''citation needed'']</sup>
| |
| | |
| Eventually, Roh Tae-woo issued the June 29 Declaration, capitulating to the demands of the protesters by promising to amend the Constitution and to release Kim Dae-jung.
| |
| | |
| == Aftermath ==
| |
| | |
| === 1987 Great Labor Action ===
| |
| After the June Democratic Uprising, Hyundai Engine Trade Union was established in Ulsan
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>on July 3. Many workers started to unify labor unions and strike.
| |
| Between July and September, 1,060 new labor unions were organized and
| |
| walkouts occurred 3,458 times.<sup>[''citation needed'']</sup>
| |
| | |
| === The 9th amendment of Constitution ===
| |
| See also: Constitution of the Republic of Korea
| |
| | |
| After the 6.29 Declaration, amendment of the Constitution finally
| |
| began in earnest. On October 12 the constitutional bill was passed, and
| |
| on October 28 it was approved. It officially took effect on February 25,
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>1988, when Roh Tae-woo was inaugurated as president.
| |
| | |
| The 10th Constitution strengthened civil rights. Natural and
| |
| legal rights were explicitly specified, direct presidential elections
| |
| were implemented, and the power of the president was reduced in favor of
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>the power of National Assembly of Korea.
| |
| | |
| === The first democratic election in South Korea ===
| |
| See also: 1987 South Korean presidential election
| |
| | |
| Roh retained his June 10 nomination as a candidate for the presidency
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>of Democratic Justice Party, and he remained Chun's chosen successor.
| |
| Roh had enough legitimate support within the Korean electorate to
| |
| compete in the elections in December 1987. His position was greatly
| |
| improved by the divisions within the opposition, as Kim Dae-jung and Kim
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>Young-sam were unable to unite, or even back a two-tier voting system
| |
| that would create a runoff.<sup>[2]</sup>
| |
| | |
| Two weeks before the presidential election, Korean Air Flight 858 exploded when it was flying to Bangkok. The revelation of the North Korean conspiracy against the plane, and the arrival in Seoul of Kim Hyon Hui, one of the agents responsible for the attack, the day before the election created a profitable environment for Roh Tae-woo.
| |
| | |
| The election finally took place on December 16. In the end Roh
| |
| Tae-woo was the winner, receiving 36.6% of the vote on turnout of 89.2%.
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki> The opposition vote was split in two, with Kim Young-sam receiving 28%
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>and Kim Dae-jung 27% of the vote. This election marked the beginning
| |
| of the Sixth Republic.
| |
| | |
| == In popular culture ==
| |
| The 2017 film ''1987: When the Day Comes'', directed by Jang Joon-hwan,
| |
| <nowiki> </nowiki>depicts how the death of student activist Park Jong-chol sparked
| |
| nationwide pro-democracy protests that changed the course of Korean
| |
| history in June 1987.
| |
