Sunagawa Struggle (Japan)

The Sunagawa Struggle was an effort by farmers, leftists and students in Japan to stop the construction of a US military base in western Tokyo in 1955 and 1957.

Background

The Tachikawa Air Force Base (AFB) was a US airfield in western Tokyo. The US military and the Japanese government planned to use this airfield for transporting nuclear weapons. In order to accommodate for the larger aircraft needed to transport these weapons, the Tachikawa AFB needed to expand and lengthen the runway for longer landing and takeoff distances. However, that meant that the government would need to use the surrounding farmland for the expansion. The US military announced the plans for expansion in 1955.

Events

In response, farmers, villagers, students, unionists, and Buddhist priests in Sunagawa, the small village adjacent to the Tachikawa AFB, began a campaign of nonviolent interjection and occupation of their own farmland in order to physically prevent officials from surveying and taking their land. Protests began in October 1956. On the 12th of October, police beat villagers and demonstrators with clubs, injuring 260 people. The next day, four thousand people including Diet (Japanese Parliament) members from the Socialist party, the Councilor of the Communist Party, and First Secretary Sanzo Nosaka created a human barricade against the surveyors. The crowd came within 150 yards of the base when police began to physically remove, trample, kick, and poke at the eyes of picketers as authorities forcibly tried to take land by driving stakes into the ground. Members of the Diet led the protest by linking arms and forming a human blockade while Buddhist priests in white robes beat incessantly on drums, the sound of which competed with the drone of the planes overhead and became an audio symbol of the movement. A total of 730 people including medical units, reporters, and cameramen were injured that day.

That same day, fifty leading men of culture including ex-Premier Tetsu Katayama, ex-Justice Minister Akira Kazami, ex-Foreign Minister Hachire Arita, and prominent lawyer Shinkichi Unno launched the Defend Sunagawa Campaign. They declared that expansion of the base was undesirable and that the survey and plans to launch nuclear attacks violated the Japanese Constitution, which protects the rights of the Japanese people and forbids all kinds of warfare. They also argued that the expansion program was never ratified by the Diet.

A few days later, a policeman committed suicide in protest against the government policy.

By October 15, ten thousand people were involved in the protest, a thousand had been injured, and another thousand had been arrested. The tension culminated in the “Sunagawa Riots”, which took place on July 8, 1957. That day, protestors managed to break past the police and into the base possibly through sheer numbers. Twenty-three people were arrested and seven were indicted on criminal trespassing charges. Although the events that day were called the “Sunagawa Riots,” the extent of violence or nonviolence that occurred is unknown. Any actions taken between October and July are also unknown.

The US military cancelled the expansion program in 1957 in response to the Sunagawa protests. The farmers’ successful campaign also inspired farmers in Narita in their protest against the construction of the Narita Airport (1966-78). The Tachikawa AFB land was later returned to the Japanese government and turned into the Showa Commemorative National Government Park.