View source for AnarWiki:Social anarchism

{{short description|Branch of anarchism emphasizing social equality}}
{{about|the branch of anarchism emphasizing social equality|the libertarian political philosophy within the socialist movement|Libertarian socialism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{anarchism sidebar|schools}}
'''Social anarchism''', also known as '''left-wing anarchism'''<!--Used by Thagard.--> or '''socialist anarchism''',<!--Used by Adams, Gage and Ostergaard. --> is the branch of [[anarchism]] that sees [[liberty]] and [[social equality]] as interrelated. 

It advocates for a [[social revolution]] to remove oppressive forms of [[hierarchy]], such as [[capitalism]] and the [[State (polity)|state]]. In their place, social anarchists encourage [[social collaboration]] through [[Mutual aid (organization theory)|mutual aid]] and envision non-hierarchical forms of [[social organization]], such as [[voluntary association]]s.

Identified with the socialist tradition of [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]], [[Mikhail Bakunin]] and [[Peter Kropotkin]], social anarchism is often contrasted with [[individualist anarchism]], due to the latter's [[criticism of socialism]].

==Political principles==
Social anarchism is opposed to all forms of [[Power (social and political)|social and political power]], [[hierarchy]] and [[oppression]], including (but not limited to) the [[State (polity)|State]] and [[capitalism]].{{Sfn|Morland|2004|p=26}} Social anarchism sees [[liberty]] as interconnected with [[social equality]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=2001|1p=120|2a1=Franks|2y=2018a|2p=557|3a1=Jun|3y=2018|3pp=51-56|4a1=Marshall|4y=2008|4pp=653-654|5a1=Ostergaard|5y=1991|5p=21|6a1=Ostergaard|6y=2006|6p=13|7a1=Suissa|7y=2001|7pp=629-630}} and considers the maximization of one to be necessary for the maximization of the other.{{Sfnm|1a1=Jun|1y=2018|1pp=51-56|2a1=Ostergaard|2y=1991|2p=21|3a1=Ostergaard|3y=2006|3p=13}} Social anarchism therefore employs a [[utilitarianism|utilitarian ethics]], concerning itself with the [[well-being]] of all, as it considers each person's [[happiness]] to be equal to those of others.{{Sfn|Franks|2018a|p=554}} As such, social anarchism seeks to guarantee equal rights to freedom and material security for all persons.{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|pp=653-654}}

Social anarchism envisions the overthrow of capitalism and the state in a [[social revolution]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Firth|1y=2018|1p=495|2a1=Suissa|2y=2001|2pp=637-638|3a1=Ostergaard|3y=2006|3p=13}} which would establish a [[federalism|federal society]] of [[voluntary association]]s and [[Local community|local communities]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=2001|1p=120|2a1=Firth|2y=2018|2p=495|3a1=Suissa|3y=2001|3pp=637-638|4a1=Ostergaard|4y=2006|4p=13}} based on a network of [[mutual aid (organization theory)|mutual aid]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Marshall|1y=2008|1pp=655-656|2a1=Ostergaard|2y=2006|2p=13|3a1=Suissa|3y=2001|3pp=629-630|4a1=Thagard|4y=2000|4pp=148-149}} 

The key principles that form the core of social anarchism include [[anti-capitalism]], [[anti-statism]] and [[prefigurative politics]].{{Sfn|Franks|2013|p=390}}

===Anti-capitalism===
As an [[anti-capitalism|anti-capitalist]] ideology, social anarchism is opposed to the dominant expressions of capitalism, including the expansion of [[transnational corporation]]s through [[globalization]].{{Sfn|Morland|2004|pp=24-25}} It comprises one of the main forms of [[socialism]], alongside [[utopian socialism]], [[democratic socialism]] and [[authoritarian socialism]].{{Sfn|Busky|2000|p=2}} Social anarchism rejects private property, particularly private ownership of the [[means of production]], as the principal source of [[social inequality]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Franks|1y=2013|1pp=389-390|2a1=Jun|2y=2018|2p=52|3a1=Long|3y=2020|3p=28|4a1=Ostergaard|4y=1991|4p=21}} As such, social anarchists typically oppose [[propertarianism]], as they consider it to exacerbate social and [[economic inequality]], suppress [[Agency (philosophy)|individual agency]] and require the maintenance of hierarchical institutions.{{Sfn|Franks|2018a|pp=557-558}} 

Social anarchists argue that the abolition of private property would lead to the development of new social [[mores]], encouraging mutual [[respect]] for individual freedom and the satisfaction of individual needs.{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|p=651}} Social anarchism therefore advocates the [[Monopoly#Breaking up monopolies|breaking up of monopolies]] and the institution of [[common ownership]] over the means of production.{{Sfn|Jun|2018|p=52}} Instead of capitalist markets, with their profit motives and wage systems, social anarchism desires to organise production through a [[collective]] system of [[worker cooperative]]s, [[agricultural commune]]s and [[Syndicate#Labor syndicates|labour syndicates]].{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|p=653}}

While social anarchism has rejected the statism of [[Orthodox Marxism]], it has also drawn from Marxist critiques of capitalism, particularly [[Marx's theory of alienation]].{{Sfn|Morland|2004|p=25}} Social anarchists have also been reluctant to adopt the Marxist centring of the [[proletariat]] as revolutionary agents, instead identifying the revolutionary potential of the [[Social exclusion|socially excluded]] segments of society.{{Sfn|Morland|2004|pp=25-26}}

===Anti-statism===
As an [[anti-statism|anti-statist ideology]], social anarchism opposes the concentration of power in the form of a State.{{Sfnm|1a1=Morland|1y=2004|1pp=23-24|2a1=Thagard|2y=2000|2pp=148-149}} To social anarchists, the state is a type of coercive hierarchy designed to enforce private property and to limit individual self-development.{{Sfn|Franks|2013|p=391}} Social anarchists reject both [[centralised government|centralised]] and [[limited government|limited forms of government]], instead upholding [[social collaboration]] as a means to achieve a [[spontaneous order]], without any [[social contract]] supplanting [[social relations]].{{Sfn|Suissa|2001|p=639}} Social anarchists believe that the abolition of the state will lead to greater "[[freedom]], [[flourishing]] and [[Social justice|fairness]]".{{Sfn|Thagard|2000|pp=150-152}} 

In the place of a state structure, social anarchists desire [[anarchy]], which can be defined as a society without government.{{Sfn|Morland|2004|pp=23-24}} Social anarchists oppose the use of a state structure to achieve their goals of a [[stateless society|stateless]] and [[classless society]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Morland|1y=2004|1pp=23-24|2a1=Suissa|2y=2001|2pp=630-631}} as they consider statism to be an inherently [[Political corruption|corrupting influence]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Morland|1y=2004|1p=25|2a1=Suissa|2y=2001|2pp=630-631}} They thus have criticised the Marxist conception of the "[[dictatorship of the proletariat]]", which they consider to be [[elitism|elitist]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Morland|1y=2004|1pp=23-25|2a1=Suissa|2y=2001|2pp=630-631}} and have rejected the possibility of a "[[withering away of the state]]".{{Sfn|Suissa|2001|pp=630-631}}

However, some social anarchists such as [[Noam Chomsky]] sometimes hold state hierarchy to be preferable to economic hierarchy, and thus lend their support to [[welfare state]] programs like [[universal health care]] that can improve people's material conditions.{{Sfn|Franks|2013|p=391}}

===Prefigurative politics===
Alongside its opposition to political and economic hierarchies, social anarchism upholds [[prefigurative politics]], considering it necessary for the means to achieve anarchy be consistent with that end goal.{{Sfn|Franks|2018a|p=551}} Social anarchism prefigures itself through [[Public participation (decision making)|participatory]] and [[consensus decision-making]], which are capable of generating the diversification of [[Diversity (politics)|political values]], [[diversity of tactics|tactics]] and [[Identity politics|identities]].{{Sfn|Franks|2018b|pp=34-35}}

Social anarchism therefore promotes [[self-organization]] and the cultivation of a [[participatory culture]], encouraging individuals to "[[Do it yourself|do things for themselves]]".{{Sfn|Morland|2004|p=26}} Social anarchism upholds [[direct action]] as a means for people to themselves resist oppression,{{Sfnm|1a1=Franks|1y=2013|1p=390|2a1=Morland|2y=2004|2p=26}} without subordinating their own agency to [[representative democracy|democratic representatives]] or [[vanguardism|revolutionary vanguards]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Franks|1y=2013|1p=390|2a1=Morland|2y=2004|2pp=25-26}} Social anarchists thus reject the [[political party]] model of organization,{{Sfn|Morland|2004|p=25}} instead preferring forms of [[flat organization]] without any fixed leadership.{{Sfn|Franks|2013|pp=390-391}}

==Schools of thought==
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Characterised by its loose definition and ideological diversity,{{Sfn|Morland|2004|p=23}} social anarchism has lent itself to [[syncretism]], both drawing from and influencing other ideological critiques of oppression,{{Sfn|Franks|2013|p=400}} and giving way to a number of different [[anarchist schools of thought]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Franks|1y=2013|1p=400|2a1=Morland|2y=2004|2p=23}}

While early forms of anarchism were largely individualistic, the influence of [[Young Hegelians|Left Hegelianism]] infused anarchism with socialistic tendencies, leading to the constitution of social anarchism.{{Sfn|McLaughlin|2007|p=116}} Over time, the question of the economic makeup of a future anarchist society drove the development of social anarchist thought.{{Sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1p=5|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2p=6|3a1=Ostergaard|3y=2006|3p=13}} The first school of social anarchism was formulated by [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]], whose theory of [[mutualism (economic theory)|mutualism]] retained a form of private property,{{Sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=2001|1pp=120-121|2a1=Busky|2y=2000|2p=5|3a1=Marshall|3y=2008|3p=7}} advocating for enterprises to be [[Workers' self-management|self-managed]] by [[worker cooperative]]s, which would compensate its workers in [[labour voucher]]s issued by "[[Cooperative banking|people's banks]]".{{Sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1p=5|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2p=7}} This was later supplanted by [[Mikhail Bakunin]]'s [[collectivist anarchism]], which advocated for the [[collective ownership]] of all property, but retained a form of [[To each according to his contribution|individual compensation]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=2001|1pp=121-123|2a1=Busky|2y=2000|2p=5|3a1=Marshall|3y=2008|3pp=7-8}} This finally led to the development of [[anarcho-communism]] by [[Peter Kropotkin]], who considered that resources should be freely distributed "[[From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs|from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs]]", without money or wages.{{Sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=2001|1pp=123-124|2a1=Busky|2y=2000|2p=5|3a1=Marshall|3y=2008|3p=8}} Social anarchists also adopted the strategy of [[syndicalism]], which saw [[trade unions]] as the basis for a new [[Socialist economics|socialist economy]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=2001|1pp=125-126|2a1=Busky|2y=2000|2p=5|3a1=Marshall|3y=2008|3pp=8-9|4a1=Ostergaard|4y=2006|4p=13}} with [[anarcho-syndicalism]] growing to its greatest influence during the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=2001|1p=126|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2pp=9-10|3a1=Ostergaard|3y=2006|3p=13}}

The main division within social anarchism is over the means for achieving anarchy, with [[philosophical anarchism|philosophical anarchists]] advocating for peaceful persuasion,{{Sfn|Busky|2000|p=6}} while [[insurrectionary anarchism|insurrectionary anarchists]] advocated for "[[propaganda of the deed]]".{{Sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=2001|1pp=124-125|2a1=Busky|2y=2000|2p=6}} The former have upheld an [[anarchism and education|anarchist form of education]], free from [[coercion]] and [[dogma]]tism, in order to establish a self-governing society.{{Sfn|Suissa|2001|p=638}} The latter have participated in rebellions in which they [[expropriative anarchism|expropriated]] and [[collectivization|collectivised]] property, and replaced the state with a network of autonomous and federally-linked communes.{{Sfn|Ostergaard|2006|p=13}} The aim was to build a socialist society, without using the state, from the bottom-up.{{Sfn|Ostergaard|2006|p=13}}

Principles of social anarchism, such as decentralisation, anti-authoritarianism and mutual aid, later held a key influence on the [[new social movements]] of the late-20th century.{{Sfn|Morland|2004|pp=30-31}} It was particularly influential within the [[New Left]] and [[green politics]],{{Sfn|Busky|2000|pp=5-6}} with the [[green anarchism|green anarchist]] tendency of [[social ecology (Bookchin)|social ecology]] drawing directly from social anarchism.{{Sfnm|1a1=Franks|1y=2013|1pp=397-398|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2pp=692-693|3a1=Morland|3y=2004|3p=23|4a1=Morris|4y=2017|4pp=376-377}} Social anarchist strategies of direct action and spontaneity also formed the foundation of the [[black bloc]] tactic, which has become a staple of [[contemporary anarchism]].{{Sfn|Morland|2004|pp=32-33}} The social anarchist principle of prefiguration has also been shared by sections anti-state Marxism, particularly that of [[autonomism]].{{Sfn|Franks|2018b|p=31}}

In the contemporary era, anarcho-communism and anarcho-syndicalism are the dominant tendencies of social anarchism.{{Sfn|Franks|2013|p=394}}

==Distinction from individualism==
[[File:Murray_Bookchin_(cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The social anarchist [[Murray Bookchin]], who contrasted the tendency against [[individualist anarchism]] and claimed there to be an "unbridgeable chasm" that separated the two.]]
Social anarchism is commonly distinguished from [[individualist anarchism]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1p=4|2a1=Franks|2y=2013|2pp=386-388|3a1=Jun|3y=2018|3p=51|4a1=Long|4y=2020|4p=28|5a1=Marshall|5y=2008|5p=6|6a1=McLaughlin|6y=2007|6pp=17-21, 25-26, 116|7a1=Ostergaard|7y=1991|7p=21|8a1=Ostergaard|8y=2006|8p=13|9a1=Suissa|9y=2001|9pp=629-630}} the latter of which favours [[Self-ownership|individual sovereignty]] and [[Private property|property]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Jun|1y=2018|1pp=51-52|2a1=Long|2y=2020|2pp=28-29|3a1=Marshall|3y=2008|3p=10|4a1=Ostergaard|4y=1991|4p=21|5a1=Ostergaard|5y=2006|5p=13}} and can even oppose all forms of [[social organization]] altogether.{{Sfn|Busky|2000|p=4}} While individualists worry that social anarchism could lead to [[tyranny of the majority]] and forced [[collaboration]], social anarchists criticise individualism for encouraging [[competition]] and [[Social alienation|atomizing]] individuals from each other.{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|p=6}} Individualism was heavily criticised by classical social anarchists,{{Sfnm|1a1=Franks|1y=2013|1p=388|2a1=Long|2y=2020|2p=29|3a1=Suissa|3y=2001|3pp=629-630}} such as Bakunin and Kropotkin, who held that the liberty of a few individuals was potentially harmful to the equality of all mankind.{{Sfnm|1a1=Franks|1y=2013|1p=388|2a1=Suissa|2y=2001|2pp=629-630}} 

However, this distinction is also contested,{{Sfn|Franks|2013|pp=386-388}} as anarchism itself is often seen as a synthesis of [[Individualism#Liberalism|liberal individualism]] and [[Egalitarianism#Social_egalitarianism|social egalitarianism]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Franks|1y=2013|1pp=386-388|2a1=Jun|2y=2018|2p=52|3a1=Ostergaard|3y=2006|3p=13}} Some social anarchists, such as [[Emma Goldman]] and [[Herbert Read]], were even directly inspired by the individualist philosophy of [[Max Stirner]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Marshall|1y=2008|1p=221|2a1=McLaughlin|2y=2007|2pp=162, 166-167}} Social anarchism generally attempts to reconcile individual freedoms with the freedom of others, in order to maximise the freedom of everyone and allow for individuality to flourish.{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|p=651}} Individualists and social anarchists have even been able to cooperate by upholding "communal individuality", emphasising both individual freedom and community strength.{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|p=6}} Some social anarchists have argued that the divisions between them and the individualists can be overcome, by emphasising their shared commitment to anti-capitalism and anti-authoritarianism.{{Sfn|Franks|2013|p=393}} But others draw the line at forms of individualism that uphold hierarchical power relations.{{Sfn|Franks|2013|pp=393-394}} 

In his 1995 book, ''Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism'', [[Murray Bookchin]] defined social anarchism in contrast to what he called "lifestyle anarchism".{{Sfnm|1a1=Davis|1y=2018|1pp=51-52|2a1=Firth|2y=2018|2pp=500-501|3a1=McLaughlin|3y=2007|3p=165|4a1=Morland|4y=2004|4p=24}} According to Bookchin, it was impossible for the two tendencies to coexist, claiming there to be an "unbridgeable chasm" that separated them from each other.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davis|1y=2018|1p=53|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2p=694}} Bookchin held social anarchism to be the only genuine form of anarchism, considering individualism to be inherently oppressive.{{Sfn|Franks|2013|p=388}} But his separation of the two tendencies has been criticised and even rejected entirely by other anarchists.{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|pp=692-693}} His analysis has been criticised as "reductive" and "undialectical", due to his failure to recognise the many connections and interrelations between the two tendencies.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davis|1y=2018|1pp=53-54|2a1=Long|2y=2020|2p=35}}

Although sometimes considered a form of individualist anarchism,{{Sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1p=4|2a1=Long|2y=2020|2pp=30-31|3a1=Ostergaard|3y=1991|3p=21|4a1=Ostergaard|4y=2006|4p=13}} [[anarcho-capitalism]] is typically rejected as a legitimate [[anarchist school of thought]] by social anarchists, who uphold [[anti-capitalism]] as a central principle.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davis|1y=2018|1p=64|2a1=Franks|2y=2013|2p=393|3a1=Franks|3y=2018a|3pp=558-559|4a1=Long|4y=2017|4pp=286-287|5a1=Long|5y=2020|5pp=30-31|6a1=Marshall|6y=2008|6p=650}} The two have engaged in a contested debate over the term "[[libertarianism|libertarian]]", which was initially a synonym for the "[[Left-libertarianism|left-libertarian]]" social anarchism but was later also claimed by "[[Right-libertarianism|right-libertarian]]" anarcho-capitalists, with each rejecting the "libertarian" credentials of the other.{{Sfn|Long|2020|pp=30-31}} In contrast, social anarchists accept [[Individualist anarchism in the United States|American individualist anarchists]] like [[Benjamin Tucker]] and [[Lysander Spooner]] as genuine, due in part to their opposition to capitalism.{{Sfnm|1a1=Long|1y=2017|1pp=287-290|2a1=Long|2y=2020|2pp=31-33}} In turn, modern anti-capitalist individualists like [[Kevin Carson]] have drawn inspiration from social anarchism, while retaining their [[market anarchism|pro-market views]].{{Sfn|Long|2017|p=292}} Libertarian scholar Roderick T. Long has thus suggested that left-wing market anarchists could use their position to [[Mediation|mediate]] between social anarchists and anarcho-capitalists, arguing for an [[Ecumenism|ecumenical view]] of anarchism and libertarianism.{{Sfn|Long|2020|pp=33-35}}

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Social anarchists|Social anarchists]] (category)

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==
<!-- Comment with which terminology the cited source uses, for easier verifiability -->
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|last=Adams|first=Ian|year=2001|orig-year=1993|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalideolog0000adam/|chapter=Anarchism|title=Political Ideology Today|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|pages=120–126|isbn=0-7190-6020-6}}<!--Uses "socialist anarchism".-->
* {{cite book|chapter=Defining Democratic Socialism|title=Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3joQKjDtn4wC|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0275968861|first=Donald F.|last=Busky|pages=1–14}}<!-- Uses "social anarchism". -->
* {{cite book|last=Davis|first=Laurence|chapter=Individual and Community|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=47–90|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_3|s2cid=150149495 }}<!-- Uses "social anarchism". -->
* {{cite book|last=Firth|first=Rhiannon|chapter=Utopianism and Intentional Communities|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=491–510|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_28|s2cid=149636440 |chapter-url=http://repository.essex.ac.uk/22595/1/ACCEPTED%20CORRECTED%20Rhiannon%20Firth%20Utopian%20Communities%20-%20ED.pdf }}<!-- Uses "social anarchism". -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Franks|first=Benjamin|date=August 2013|editor-last1=Freeden|editor-first1=Michael|editor-last2=Stears|editor-first2=Marc|title=Anarchism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=385–404|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0001}}<!-- Largely uses "social anarchism", uses "socialist anarchism" once. -->
* {{cite book|last=Franks|first=Benjamin|chapter=Anarchism and Ethics|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018a|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=549–570|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_31|s2cid=149845918 }}<!-- Largely uses "social anarchism", uses "socialist anarchism" once. -->
* {{cite book|last=Franks|first=Benjamin |chapter=Prefiguration |editor-last1=Franks |editor-first1=Benjamin |editor-last2=Jun |editor-first2=Nathan |editor-last3=Williams |editor-first3=Leonard |year=2018b |title=Anarchism: A Conceptual Approach |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-92565-6 |lccn=2017044519 |pages=28–43}} <!--Uses "social anarchism" -->
<!--(Uncertain reliability, appears to be a school textbook) *{{cite book|last=Gale|first=Cengage Learning|year=2015|orig-year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4xoeCgAAQBAJ|chapter=Socialist Anarchism|title=A Study Guide for Anarchism|series=Political Theories for Students|location=Farmigton Hill, MN|publisher=Gale|lccn=2002100951|isbn=0-7876-5645-3}}--><!--Uses "socialist anarchism".-->
* {{cite journal |last1=Harrell |first1=Willie J. Jr. |title="I am an Anarchist": The Social Anarchism of Lucy E. Parsons |journal=Journal of International Women's Studies |date=2012 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |url=https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol13/iss1/1 |access-date=21 June 2023 |issn=1539-8706 |oclc=8093224507}}
* {{cite book|last=Jun|first=Nathan |chapter=Freedom |editor-last1=Franks |editor-first1=Benjamin |editor-last2=Jun |editor-first2=Nathan |editor-last3=Williams |editor-first3=Leonard |year=2018 |title=Anarchism: A Conceptual Approach |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-92565-6 |lccn=2017044519 |pages=44–59}} <!--Uses "social anarchism" -->
* {{cite book|last=Long|first=Roderick T.|year=2017|chapter=Anarchism and Libertarianism|editor-last=Jun|editor-first=Nathan J.|title=Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=285–317|isbn=978-90-04-35689-4|doi=10.1163/9789004356894_012}}<!-- Uses "social anarchism". -->
* {{cite book|last=Long|first=Roderick T.|year=2020|chapter=The Anarchist Landscape|editor-first1=Gary|editor-last1=Chartier|editor-first2=Chad|editor-last2=Van Schoelandt|title=The Routledge Handbook of Anarchy and Anarchist Thought|pages=28–38 |location=[[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781315185255|doi=10.4324/9781315185255-2|s2cid=228898569 }} <!--Uses "social anarchism" -->
* {{cite book|first=Peter H.|last = Marshall|author-link=Peter Marshall (author)|title=[[Demanding the Impossible|Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism]]|year=2008|orig-year=1992|location=[[London]]|publisher=[[Harper Perennial]]|isbn=978-0-00-686245-1|oclc=218212571}} <!-- Uses "social anarchism" and "socialist anarchism" -->
* {{cite book | last = McLaughlin | first = Paul | title = Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kkj5i3CeGbQC | publisher = [[Ashgate Publishing]] | location = Aldershot | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-7546-6196-2 |lccn=2007007973}} <!-- Uses "social anarchism" -->
* {{cite book|last=Morland|first=David|year=1997|title=Demanding the Impossible? Human Nature and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Social Anarchism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p7LaAAAAMAAJ|publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell]]|isbn=0-304-33685-8|lccn=97-1672}}<!-- Uses "social anarchism". -->
* {{cite book|last=Morland|first=David|chapter=Anti-capitalism and poststructuralist anarchism|title=Changing Anarchism: Anarchist Theory and Practice in a Global Age|url=https://archive.org/details/changinganarchis00bowe|url-access=limited|editor-last1=Bowen|editor-first1=James|editor-last2=Purkis|editor-first2=Jon|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|year=2004|isbn=0-7190-6694-8|pages=23–38}}<!-- Uses "social anarchism". -->
* {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Brian|year=2017|chapter=Anarchism and Environmental Philosophy|editor-last=Jun|editor-first=Nathan J.|title=Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=369–400|isbn=978-90-04-35689-4|doi=10.1163/9789004356894_015}}<!-- Uses "social anarchism". -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Ostergaard|first=Geoffrey|year=1991|orig-year=1983|title=Anarchism|encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Marxist Thought|edition=2nd|editor-first=Tom|editor-last=Bottomore|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell Publishing]]|pages=21–23|lccn=91-17658|isbn=0-631-16481-2}}<!-- Uses "socialist anarchism". -->
* {{cite encyclopedia|author-link=Geoffrey Ostergaard|last=Ostergaard|first=Geoffrey|editor-first=William|editor-last=Outhwaite|year=2006|orig-year=1993|title=Anarchism|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought|edition=2|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell Publishing]]|pages=12–14|doi=10.1002/9780470999028.ch1|isbn=9780470999028}}<!-- Uses "socialist anarchism". -->
* {{cite book|last=Spafford|first=Jesse|year=2020|chapter= Social Anarchism and the Rejection of Private Property|editor-first1=Gary|editor-last1=Chartier|editor-first2=Chad|editor-last2=Van Schoelandt|title=The Routledge Handbook of Anarchy and Anarchist Thought|pages=327–341 |location=[[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781315185255|doi=10.4324/9781315185255-23|s2cid=228898569 }}<!--Uses "social anarchism" -->
* {{Cite book |last1=Spafford |first1=Jesse |title=Social Anarchism and the Rejection of Moral Tyranny |date=October 2023 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-anarchism-and-the-rejection-of-moral-tyranny/6B0E38604D6CE88BCBF699D7D2805E89 |isbn=978-1-00-937544-3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |df=mdy-all }} <!-- Uses "social anarchism" -->
* {{cite journal|last=Suissa|first=Judith|year=2001|title=Anarchism, Utopias and Philosophy of Education|journal=Journal of Philosophy of Education|volume=35|issue=4|pages=627–646|doi=10.1111/1467-9752.00249}}<!-- Uses "social anarchism". -->
* {{cite book|last=Thagard|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Thagard|year=2000|chapter=Ethics and Politics|title=Coherence in Thought and Action|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Px0vctI8eGQC&pg=PA153|pages=149–154|lccn=00-035503|isbn=0-262-20131-3}}<!-- Largely uses "left-wing anarchism", uses "socialist anarchism" once. -->
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Baldelli|first=Giovanni|year=2010|orig-year=1971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pEO5ZAKW5AC |title=Social Anarchism|publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]]|lccn=2009030191|isbn=978-0-202-36339-4|access-date=31 March 2019}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bookchin|first=Murray|author-link=Murray Bookchin|year=1995|url=https://libcom.org/article/social-anarchism-or-lifestyle-anarchism-unbridgeable-chasm-murray-bookchin|title=Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm|publisher=[[AK Press]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Shantz|first=Jeff|chapter=Introduction|editor-last=Ehrlich|editor-first=Howard J.|year=2013|title=The Best of Social Anarchism|location=[[Tucson, Arizona]]|publisher=See Sharp Press|isbn=9781937276461}}

== External links ==
* {{Wikiquote inline}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}

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